Leadership and Organizational Behavior Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Organizational Behavior EssayIntroductionThe organization that will be the topic of my discussion in my final project machinateup will be Pratt Industries Inc. The family started as a cycle paper federation in Australia and US, but today they could close the entirely process of recycling incorporating companies that create paper from recycling paper, the energy that the company use is coming burning trash recycled, the company sale cardboard boxes and recycled paper to big minute companies as Home depot and Walmart, the company create their own design to send their products (recycled paper based) to our homes, the company has their own recycle trucks to pick the recycle products from homes and companies. The company has the all cycle of recycling closed they pick the recycling trash up, they process it and make new products, they sale it and send it to our homes and the process start once again picking the trash up. The company has more than 70 locations wh ere they can create clean energy, recycle and create paper, make cardboard boxes, make the own designs and for another(prenominal) companies also, and other activities as retail recycling products.Problem StatementI am IT support on the IT section of the company, I was plightd to improve the subdivision capacity of support due the company was growing up and the department started to get issues supporting the computers users. We used to have a very(prenominal) friendly work environment we use to go out to celebrate birthdays, we got good payment improvement every year, our IT manager use to take the department to do some outside activities as a group. The company benefits atomic number 18 placed as the best comparing them with companies with the same quantity of employees, but the company started to buy other small companies and they started to make savings to invest on the new acquisitions. Ayear ago HR managers started cutting health benefits and changing them backward and t he salaries are not been increased as before, neither we go out as a group to celebrate birthdays nor go outside to do any extras activities.My group of work is great and the environment of work still friendly, I keep some of the good company benefits (like University tuition help) and it is why I still working on the company. The company started to cut benefit plans, expect more output from each employee, and they are keeping the new employees as a contacted people to avoid include them into the benefits plans. Some of those employees are not giving their most on their work, per example some of them never come on cartridge holder every morning, they dont give their best on their work and they dont care if they finished their job but they leave on time or before the end of their time to leave.I scare this situation will be viral and creates the same feelings to the old department workers direct the company down because IT is one of the most important to keep the company working 2 47 during the 365 days of the year. I will do my best researching and writing a plan to create the steps to return the company as the leader of the recycling business on US. I would like to receive support to make the IT department an HPO and shows to the other company department how to keep the company growing up always improving the employees benefits instead trying to cut them due the employees are the most important key.Preliminary SolutionsManagers have to make closed call to employees that are not following the company statements. The staffing company the company use to hire temporary employees must increase the pre-hired background check. Company has to review what they are cutting about employees benefits. Managers have to look for a way to show the employees what take aim of satisfaction they have with the employees dedication they show on their work.Analysis of leadershipThe company is passing through big changes on the executive management heavens managers are being mov ed to different new locations that the company is merging after Pratt bought them. HR is trying to absorb those employees and it is creating an stressed environment when new employees are been hiredto replace another and when the company is using a staffing company to hire new employees without the certified classification. The company managers have to improve their level of affinity with their employees showing them they are valuable for the company and letting them know they work is highly appreciate.ReferencePrive, Tanya. Top 10 Qualities That Make A Great Leader. Forbes Serial Online. declination 2012emailprotected00. Accessed whitethorn 9, 2014.Professor de Waal, Andr A. MBA. The Secret of High Performance Organizations (HPOs). HPO CENTER www.hpocenter.com. Non Dated. Accessed May 10, 2014.Robbins, Stephen P., Timothy Judge. Organizational Behavior, 15th Edition. Pearson Learning Solutions, 01/2012. VitalBook file.Mehrotra, Vivek. Is money the best motivator?. www.vivekmehrot ra.com. Non dated. Accessed May 17, 2014.

Bismarck in the year 1894 Essay Example for Free

Bismarck in the year 1894 EssaySource Bismarck. Des eisernen Kanzlers Leben in annhernd 200 seltenen Bildern nebst einer Einfhrung. Herausgegeben von Walter Stein. Im Jahre des 100. Geburtstags Bismarcks und des groen Krieges 1915. Hermann Montanus, Verlagsbuchhandlung Siegen und Leipzig1) How did the Germans get the imperium they wanted by 1890?Germany appeared as an imperium after the Franco-Prussian war in 1871. Otto Van Bismarck, Prussian Chancellor since 1862, knew that to unify an Empire, some(prenominal)(prenominal) aspects had to be organized. He became German Chancellor in 1871 and set up a constitution on the same year. With this, powers were isolated into three different branches The Kaiser, The Chancellor and the two Chambers. He also sought to control confrontation. The church service was controlled with the May Laws (Falk) and the Kulturkampf. For socialists he passed the enabling law (1878) to control them, and several insurances to favour them. Bismarck als o believed that an Empire ought to have colonies for industrial development. In 1789, he had to bring tariffs so as to raise money for his foreign policy.By passing the constitution, Bismarck was successful in separating the powers. The most powerful one was the Kaiser. The first Kaiser was William I (former King of Prussia). He was the maximum authority in Germany. He had full control of the army and navy and obstinate whether the country was at war or made peace treaties with other countries. He also establish all the Ministers in the Empire. This was helpful for Bismarck since he was appointed Chief Minister (Chancellor) of the German Empire.He was very influential with the Kaiser, he controlled him. As he could do as he liked, it later allowed him to dominate the German Empire. The German parliament consisted of two Chambers The Bundesrat and the Reichstag. The first one mentioned, was conformed of 58 delegates appointed by States representatives. As 14 votes were postulate t o reject measures and 17 delegates were Prussian, this house was controlled by her. The Reichstag was elected by the universal manhood suffrage. It was a much more elected system than the Bundersrat and represented citizens. However, it was controlled by the Bundersrat. This house was also controlled by Prussian superiority, since half of its members were Prussian.Controlling the opposition was certainly something that Bismarck intend to do. Bismarck followed a centripetal (centralizing) policy. He thought that people had to work in things related to the Empire. On the other hand, the Catholic Church followed a centrifugal (going away from the centre) policy. The Church looked for foreign countries, so Bismarck decided to attack it. Bismarck supported the German Catholic teachers who didnt agree (Old Catholics) with the idea of Papal Infallibity (1870). The Church intended to call down actions of the New Catholics, who followed the new doctrine. To solve this problem, Bismarck org anized a campaign by the State against the Church known as the Kulturkampf. He was supported by the National Liberals while the Church was supported by the Centre Party.This campaign separated state and church affairs Jesuits were expelled from Germany German schools controlled by State inspectors, in 1874 Marriage had to take place before governing-appointed officials. In May 1873-74-75, Falk, the Minister of Church Affairs, introduced the May (Falk) laws. This brought several changes as regards the Church the Church was forbidden to keep out old priests publicly, before starting priestly studies, people had to study at a state university and pass an examination, the state now accepted or unheeded teaching posts to clergymen, Catholic educative establishments had to accept inspections by state officials and all religious orders were dissolved.The Social Democratic Party (SDP) set up in 1869 possess by 1877, 12 seats in the Reichstag. In 1878, when the attempts of killing the Ka iser took place, Bismarck decided to blame the Socialists. To obtain control of them, he passed the Enabling Law (1878). This Law, allowed the government to declare a state emergency if necessary. It also forbade Socialist publications. Over 1500 Socialists were arrested in 1878. However, Bismarck realized he could not cope with the Socialists. He gave several insurances to them since his intention was to get popular support. Workers were insuranced against sickness (1883), against accidents at work (1884) and were given old age pensions (Jubilacin) in 1889.By 1879, Bismarck realized that he needed money badly for his foreign policy. He intended to have a better equipped army, a Civil service needed to run the Empire and for the social welfare. He knew that if he asked the Reichstag to impose new taxes, he would give the Chamber more power than what he wanted to give. He then decided to apply a system of protective tariffs which would help him to obtain money.Bismarck knew that Germ any needed colonies to enhance its industrial development, in spite of possibly annoying Britain that could stultification Germany in the future with the loss of Alsace and Lorraine. By promoting colonial expansions, Germany could obtain raw materials, markets for German goods and a living space (Lebensraum) for the growing population. In 1882, Bismarck intended to acquire colonies by forming a Colonial Union. Finally, in 1884, the major Powers agreed on a division of Africa. Germany obtained South West Africa, Togoland and the Cameroons (1885), the naval base of Holigoland (1890) and obtained German East Africa with an agreement with Britain on the same year.Germany could be an Empire by 1890 due to Bismarcks achievements. He succeeded in organizing the empire by separating powers. He could control opposition since as he could dominate the Kaiser he could do as he pleased. He passed laws for the Socialists and the Church that allowed Germany to be a unified Empire. His intention w as organizing Germany since he knew that for an Empire to be unified, it first had to be organized. His goal was finally achieved but he was forced to resign in 1890.

The Colour Purple Essay Example for Free

The colour Purple EssayDrama Essay Comparison of own improvisation with The Colour PurpleIn this essay I am passage to compare and analyse the differences and similarities between my improvisation and a film called The Colour Purple. My groups play was based upon a certain part of a painting, piebald by our drama teacher Mr. Burgon. The painting was used as a stimulus. Our part of the painting was showing a man in a cloak painting a car. WE had to build up upon it and produce a lengthy piece. The themes of our improvisation and The Colour Purple are violence and domestic problems, abuse. Our play could be thought of as quite controversial, as it deals with domestic violence, child abuse, and rape to a certain extent. In order to make our improvisation as hard-nosed as possible, and not too offensive I decided to research the topic in more depth.Therefore I searched the Internet for information active the victims. I found out that the majority of the people affected were molested in their childhood/early teens. Most of them were nave and not fully aware of what was going on around them. A large amount was in a single parent family. I also found out that the experience had an immense effect on their adult life. Most are not able to have a sex life, they rely on anti-depressants, self-harm etc.I guess that it was harder to cope for abused women in the Colour Purple because they had no one and no-where to run extraneous to, whereas today women can call help-lines etc. to help them by their problems.In our piece I play the role of Jade, a long distance relative (cousin) who 14 years ago was raped by Eddie, who thus married Jades cousin Alison. She couldnt have children so they decided to adopt a child. Jade fell pregnant at 14 with Eddie, so she gave away her queer to him and Alison and Eddie raised up their child without her knowing that she was her cousins baby. According to Eddie Ellie (the child) is the source of all problems (not only finan tional, but moral as well). He blamed Ellie for him relationship with Alison not working out.Another play that portrays similar family issues is The Colour Purple. This was set virtually a century ago (1900s) and can be firstly considered as wholly different from our play, but if we take a closer look, we realize that there are some unusual similarities. Cilia are a young black youth, who at 14 was raped twice by her father. He is a rapist and an abuser. As a result to the rapes Cilia gives birth to two children Olivia and Adam, who are taken away from her. Surprisingly a genuinely similar situation occurs in my play where Eddie rapes Jade and he takes her baby to bring up as his own with Alison.In The Colour Purple Celia is shown as a young vulnerable girl, who gets raped by her father, then chucked out the house. She was forced to marry a grown-up man and move in with him. But that is not the end to her troubles. In the film we can clearly see the family status. We see that t he husband is very important, and makes all the decisions. Celia has to call him sir.In my play the family status is also publicized, but its not as drastic. I.e. Alison doesnt have to call Eddie sir. WE can clearly see he has control over Alison at the Dinner table sceneAlison Ill just get the phone.Eddie slams down hands on table NO SIT DOWNIn my improvisation as well as The Colour Purple the husband is a control-freak and the wife is scared to stand up to him. They might be afraid of his reaction or might think that he will go completely berserk and try to do something terrible. I.e. murder, or beat thoroughly.In The Colour Purple this is very clear when Celia is shaving her husband and he says you cut me and Ill kill you. Celia is scared and tries hard not to cut him. In my play Alison doesnt stand up to Eddie when he yells at her to sit down, she just obeys him in silence.The way both constituents deal with the abuse is different , because in the end Alison tells Jade tha t Eddie is abusing her and Ellie. Whereas Cilia, doesnt tell anyone about her troubles, she keep it all inside her. They deal in different way, but yet the abuse is very similar. Both characters get raped ( Cilia and Jade), both character are abused by their fathers ( Cilia and Ellie). I have noticed that the different things that happened throughout my play to 3 different characters( Jade, Ellie Alison) happened to one character in The Colour Purple.Also in The Colour Purple the husband cant do anything for himself. When he brings home a woman from a bar, he tried to piddle for her , but he is completely useless.There is a very similar situation in my play when Alison and Ellie leave Eddie and the flat is very messy, there is round lying around everywhere, empty beer cans, half-eaten ready meals etc.Even though both plays were set about a century apart, they still have many a(prenominal) similarities involving family issues such as family status, respect, domestic violence (ab use). They both show how victims cope with the abuse and what effect it has on their lives.

Addictive Properties of Sugar

Addictive Properties of SugarSugar is naturally present in or so foods, but with an increase of both modified food and sweet cravings, community deplete extend addicted even more than than cocain workrs ar addicted to cocaine. Overtime, several people have grown to be health conscious and have committed themselves to eating well-preserved foods. Some have even gone to the point where they do non eat any type of dinero whatsoever. Before one completely removes sugar from their diet, it is crucial to understand what sugar is exactly. Sugar is a lettuce make up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Although those who cut out sugar from their diet completely have good intentions, a certain amount of sugar is still infallible for the body to have energy. But when is it too much? Several doctors recommend to intake 55 to 60 percent of your daily caloric intake from carbohydrates. This has become increasingly difficult for slightly, especially those that exceed that amount. Studies have shown that some people have become heavily dependent on daily sugar intake, with some even becoming addicted to it. Some doctors have gone against that claim, saying that in order to become addicted to sugar, they have to meet certain criteria and most people are not technically addicted. On the other hand, drugs like cocaine are known to have an addictive property to them. Most people that are users of cocaine become addicted and dependent on it. The question that many people are asking is if sugar is as addictive as drugs.To understand what makes people want sugar so much, researchers have to go all the way back and understand the principles of sugar. In essence, sugar is a carbohydrate that is split into several categories of identification. Not all sugar is the same similar to how not all drugs are the same. There are several types of sugars such as beet sugar, white sugar, powdered sugar, malt sugar, etc. Simple carbohydrates, or simple sugars, are composed of monosacchari de or disaccharide units. Common monosaccharides (carbohydrates composed of private sugar units) include glucose, fructose, and galactose (James). Fructose is the sugar present in fruits. Lactose is present in milk sugar. Maltose is present in ingrain products. And sucrose, one of the most common, is present in sugar toilete and sugar beets. All of these types of sugar protest in the amount an individual should eat. They also differ in taste, with some sweeter than the other. Any food where sucrose, fructose, glucose, corn syrup, honey, or other sugars are listed as the first ingredient on the packaging can be defined as sweets (Schmitt).Just as there are different types of sugars each having different qualities and properties, in the same way drugs, specifically psychoactive drugs, can be divided into four main categories. Those are stimulants, depressants, opiates and hallucinogens. All of them are addictive and induce dependence. Stimulants, like cocaine, amphetamines and ec stasy, stimulate the central nervous system. Depressants have an resister effect by slowing down the central nervous system (CNS). Examples of depressants are alcohol and cannabis. Opiates also act in the same way as depressants and slow down the CNS. Some well-known opiates are heroin, morphine, opium and methadone. Hallucinogens change a persons perception of reality and time. Commonly used hallucinogens are lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin (magic mushrooms).Addiction has both a biological and behavioral component. Our drumheads instinctively find certain things pleasurable, such as eating certain foods and having sexual intercourse. The brain has a specific reward circuitry that makes us want to do what we need to survive. The brain interprets anything that stimulates the reward pathway as necessary for life and needs to be repeated. Many things, however, that arent necessary for life can stimulate this reward circuitry, including drugs, sugar, junk foods, and even beh aviors such as gambling and exercise. (Rettner) The reason we get cheer from these substances, that arent in fact crucial for survival, is because they cause the release of a neurotransmitter called dopamine in an area of the brain called Nucleus Accumbens. Dopamine athletic supporters control the brains reward, pleasance and motivation centers. Dopamine also helps regulate movement and emotional responses, and it enables us not only to see rewards, but to take action to move toward them. (Frances) some other hormone called serotonin is also responsible for the euphoria thats felt later ingesting certain substances. Studies have shown that after ingesting drugs and eating certain foods, especially those that are high in sugar, serotonin and dopamine levels in the brain significantly increase. This leads the individual to feel pleasure and euphoria and motivates them to repeat this process. This is the mechanism that causes dependance.Both sugar and cocaine cause a temporary hig h soon after they enter the bloodstream but only to cause many debilitating problems after their effects wear off. An intake of sugar that exceeds the recommended daily amount can lead to very serious side effects. That includes an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, several types of liver disease, an increased probability of developing cancer, obesity, depression, increased risk of yeast infections, a weaker immune system, tooth decay, etc.The side of effects of cocaine include, but are not limited to permanent damage to blood vessels, high blood pressure (leading to heart attacks, strokes, and possibly death), liver, kidney and lung damage, malnutrition and weight loss, dire depression, severe tooth decay, etc.Besides the addiction they cause, both sugar and cocaine have several side effects in common.On the other hand the methods of treating a cocaine addict and those for treating a sugar addict differ greatly. Most professionals agree that the best solution for an y addiction include sugar and cocaine addiction is prevention. Prevention of the development of an addiction is the most effective way to tackle the problem, due to the fact that after an addiction develops, manipulation is quite stark and psychologically challenging.Sugar addicts are advised to increase their protein intake because protein-rich foods like meat, nuts, and beans provide a steady and balanced source of energy for your body, which can help eliminate cravings for sugar-containing foods. Taking probiotics is also helpful because excess bacterial growth in the body creates sugar cravings since bacteria thrive on sugar.Eating hearty saturated fats is also a method that quickly yields results since saturated fats like coconut oil raw, pasture-based butter, grass-fed milk and cream are all excellent healthy fats that will provide solid sustenance for your body thereby eliminating sugar cravings.There are a number of treatments for cocaine addicts including pharmacological approaches and behavioral interventions. Although there are not any FDA-approved pharmaceuticals to treat cocaine addiction, several medications designed for other diseases like vigabatrin, modafinil, tiagabine, disulfiram have been reported to reduce cocaine use in controlled clinical trials. Behavioral treatments for cocaine addiction can be divided into two categories motivational incentives and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Motivational incentives use an exchange system where participants line up prizes for drug-free urine screenings. In other words individuals are encouraged to not use cocaine in order to qualify for a prize. Cognitive-behavior therapy treatment involves helping addicts to replace their drug-seeking behaviour with other, healthier, ways of dealing with their everyday issues. This type of treatment is designed to help the recovering addict understand the cause of their addiction and drug use and to create a healthier lifestyle.After analyzing several studies o n sugar, it is concluded that sugar can become addictive when overeaten, but is it more addictive than cocaine? Statistics show that the effects of sugar addiction is to a lesser degree than that of cocaine.Works CitedCarbohydrates. Nutrition and Well-being A-Z. Ed. Delores C.S. James. New York MacMillan Reference USA, 2004. 2 vols.Frances, Allen. Dopamine. Psychology Today Health, Help, Happiness + Find a Therapist. Psychology Today, June 2013. Web. 04 Dec. 2014.Rettner, Rachael. Is Sugar a Drug? Addiction Explained. LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 28 Oct. 2013. Web. 02 Dec. 2014.Schmitt, B.D. Sugar and Sweets. RelayClinical Education. Cengage Learning, Feb. 2012. Web. 21 Nov. 20Sugar 101. Sugar 101. American Heart Association, 19 Nov. 2014. Web.24 Nov.. 2014.Schmitt, Barton. Sugar and Sweets. Pediatric Advisor. Childrens Health Network, 15 May 2012. Web. 24 Nov. 2014.Taubes, Gary. Is Sugar Toxic? The New York Times. The New York Times, 16 Apr. 2011. Web. 01 Dec. 2014.Venuto, Tom. Is put away Food As Addictive As Heroin? Basilandspice.com. Cengage Learning, 3 Nov. 2009. Web. 15 Nov. 2014.

Migration In Malaysia and Economic Impact

Migration In Malaysia and Economic ImpactThroughout human history, migration of human beings is a pre-requisite of human progress and ontogenesis. Without migration, human being would be doomed to an existence worse than that of the animals. Even animals migrate to seek a conk out life. The first humans migrated out of Southern Africa thousands of years ago and get around throughout the world and large number have been moving about since then. People also migrate because of factors like wars, poverty, discrimination, and for policy-making or even so religious reasons. In modern times, people often migrate for security, work and even for education opportunities.Organised immigrant drudge migration and free immigration in Malaysia took place under the British colonial administration in the 19th century. During this period, the British required immigrant labour from China, India and Indonesia to help them in the exploitation of natural resources of the colonised countries establis hing plantations and building infrastructure. It is mainly because of immigrant labour provide a steady, adequate and cheap supply of workers at a time when the locals labour was either deemed unsuitable or was not interested in working under the same harsh conditions as migrant labour. This period of free movement into Malaya saw large numbers arriving to work as well(p) as returning home. However, because of free immigration and economic difficulties in the countries of origin, many immigrant workers decide to settle down in Malaya permanently.Malaysias rapid economic growth since independence has relied on Malaysian workers moving from homespun-to-rural and rural-to-urban areas and immigrant workers, especially from Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and different Asian countries. In the case of movement from rural-to-rural areas, rapid migration was sprightly mainly by government intervention in rural development and agriculture. Rural-to-urban migration acce lerated after government intervention in urban and industrial development was stepped up, especially after the second Malaysia Plan.The push and pull factors at the external level in the region also caused workers to migrate to Malaysia for habit. The accelerated economic development programmes and the sustained high economic growth rates in Malaysia over approximately three decades caused the influx of immigrant workers to meet the increasing demand in the Malaysian labour market.WHY PEOPLE MIGRATEThere are many theories that attempt to explain why people migrate. Among others is the need and stress surmise30. This theory holds that e really individual has got his own needs to be fulfilled. These needs take various defecates including economic, social, psychological and cultural. The higher the chances that an individuals needs will not able to be fulfilled, the higher the stress he suffers from. If this stress grows beyond tolerable limits, the individual will force himself to move to a different area, which seems to promise possible terminus of his needs.The migration of people from one solid ground to another clownish is not a new phenomena. Since early days of colonialism, the colonial powers travelled around the world in search for raw material and new territory. Some of them moved to seek for freedom of worship and some even moved because of the instability of the government. The migration of Muslims from British India to form an Islamic state of Pakistan is one of the biggest voluntary migrations in history31.Wars and bookings are another reason for mass movements of people and this kind of movement is categorized as refuges. Because of the incident are so serious, the international consciences were moved and many voluntary organisations were formed to assist these refugees. The Vietnamese Boat People is a good physical exercise of the mass movement of people of this nature. Today, we still screwing see refugees fleeing their country because of war and a good example is the latest situation in Liberia and Sudan. These people who enter another country through unofficial channels are known as illegal immigrants who later, may create riddle to the host country.In modern days, seeking for a better life and a stable economy become the main factors that influences migration. Sociologist have long analysed migration in terms of the push-pull modeling32. This model differentiates between push factors that drive people to leave home from pull factors that attract migrants to a new location. Push factors occurs within lanceing states, that is, those that send migrants abroad, while the pull factors occur within receiving states, that is states that received migrants from abroad. Push factors are negative aspects of the displace country, while pull factors are positive aspects of the receiving country33. In fact, these differentiating factors are really two sides of the same coin.In moving migrants must not only see a wishing of benefits at home and also a surplus of benefits abroad. There are also more ambiguous factors, called cyberspace factors that can either facilitate or deter migration. Generally, the network factors are the networks of friends and relatives already settled in destination countries that serve as sources of information and anchor communities for newcomers34. The network factors also include, monetary value of travel, the ease of communication and international business trend. These factors are not related to a specific country, provided still have a profound effect on international migration.The wedge FactorGenerally, there are two factors attracting migrants to receiving countries. First, the higher standards of sustainment and higher requital economic provide the both biggest push and pull factors for potential migrants35. Second, crunch Demand close all developed countries have found that they need immigrant labour. Rich economies create millions of jobs that domestic w orkers refuse to fill but immigrant workers will cosset borders to take36. In the case of Malaysia, a wave of labour migration began in the early 70s where shortage of labour became critical especially in the plantation sectors. In mid 80s, the labour shortage becomes acute and this has attracted more immigrant workers into the country.The Push FactorGenerally, there are several reasons driving people to emigrate from their home country. First, lack of jobs/poverty economic provides the main reason behind migration37. In some countries jobs simply do not exist for a great deal of the population. In others, the gap between the rewards of labour in the sending and receiving country are great enough so as to warrant a move. Second, civil strife, war, political and religious persecution some migrants are impelled to cross national borders by war or persecution at home38. Some of these migrants end up in receiving countries as refugees or asylum seekers. Third, environmental problems39 environmental problems and natural disasters often cause the loss of money, homes and jobs.The NetworkingThe demand-pull of jobs is linked to the supply push of low wages and joblessness by migration networks. Migration network encompasses everything that enables people to learn about opportunities abroad and take advantage of them. Others are motivated to go abroad by family members who are working or settled down in the host country, contractors, labour brokers and other often-shadowy middlemen or tekong who promise the migrants better deals.WHY MALAYSIA BECOME MIGRANT DESTINATIONThe theory of migration occurs because of the sending and receiving factors mainly due to the push-pull and supply-demand forces. The influx of immigrant workers to Malaysia is not a recent phenomena. Malaysia replicates the complexity of international migration that exercises both of imports and exports of labour. Better economic growth and Malaysias geographical location that shares jet borders with it neighbouring countries has become a pull-factor for migration to Malaysia. In contrast, the economic disparity, inequality and poverty in the country of origin serve as the push-factor for them to migrate, looking for jobs and better living. Generally, there are many other reasons why these immigrant workers choose Malaysia as their destination. First, Malaysia geographical location, second, the stable and sound government, third, labours shortage, fourth, higher wages and finally, the employer attitudes.Geographical LocationMalaysia geographical location, which is in the midpoint of South East Asia is easily accessible either by land or sea. In addition, the easy access and the shortage of enforcing agencies along the extended shores and foundation points into Malaysia have caused the entry of many illegal immigrants undetected.Stable and Sound GovernmentSince independence, Malaysia has been governed by a stable government and with sound economic growth. This political and stint ing stability has become the main attraction for migration. Comparatively, Malaysia has been seen as the most stable nation in this region in comparison to her neighbours. As such, others have regarded this country as an oasis in the region.Labour ShortageMalaysia has been experiencing a very high level of industrial development and it has developed further to be classify as a newly industrialized country. Therefore, from the human assets perspective the country has generated a huge demand of the work force especially unskilled workers for conterminous employment in the industrial and manufacturing sectors. The labour shortage in Malaysia has become an important issues and employing immigrant workers is considered to be the most viable short-term solution.Higher WagesGenerally, the immigrant workers in Malaysia can be regarded as an economic migrant. Comparatively, Malaysian employers pay higher wages to the immigrant workers for a similar job back home. This situation is made eve n worse, where the wages offered is considered low for the local workers. Thus, it opens the job opportunities to the immigrant workers.The Employer AttitudeThe Malaysian employers attitude is also another pulling factors that attracted foreign workers. Beside that, it is suspected that there has been a synchronal entry of huge number of illegal workers as well. Similar to the legal workers, the illegal workers were also employed in the construction, manufacturing and service sectors at a very low wage rate. It is a known fact that employers prefer this arrangement for various reasons such as a lower overhead cost and preventing them from registering to the Employees provident Fund (EPF), Social Security Organization (SOCSO), medical and social benefits. For the illegal immigrants, because of their unlawful status, they become less demanding in terms of salary and other privileges. As for the employers, in order to boost their production, the illegal immigrant workers can be easily employed to work extra hours with minimum wages.THE MIGRANT COUNTRY OF ORIGIN roughly of the immigrant workers in Malaysia came from her neighbouring countries Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand40. However, in early 90s, immigrant workers from Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and few other countries started to dominate the Malaysias labour workforce. Therefore, it is only realistic to identify the country of origin of the immigrant workers and examine the push factors that trace them migrate to this country.Indonesia be the largest country in this region with 1.9 million sq km, Indonesia is facing administrative problems in trying to govern the nations vast regions equally. To develop the whole country, it requires large effort and resources and this have created a gap between the provinces. Some parts of the country enjoy multi multi-fold development while others are still left furthest behind41.The problems of socio-economy seem to have centred on its big population, since Indo nesia is the fourth most populous country with approximately 225 million. The Indonesian economy is dependence on oil colour and gas, plywood, textiles, rubber and palm oil. However, the limited resources and infrastructure operable were not adequate to accommodate the demands of growing population42. This among other factors has caused poverty, which is estimated 24% of its population. Beside that, unprecedented turmoil in recent years, first the Asian financial crisis, followed by the fall of President Suharto, the first free election since 1960, the loss of East Timor, independence demands from restive provinces, damn inter-ethnic and religious conflict and devastating tsunami had worsen the economic situation, increased the inflation and unemployment rates.ThailandLike Indonesia, Thailand is also facing the problem of poverty, where 80% of the population lives in the rural areas and most of them are poor farmers. The reason is simple the Thai government is concentrating more on defence rather than the socio-economy development of the country.PhilippinesThe Philippines, which consist of 3,666 islands, is facing almost similar problem like Indonesia in terms of administration and developments of the provinces. Beside that, religious conflict between Islam and Christian has im nonplusd serious threat to the country. This is coupled with the raspy development between the provinces, which has created a disparity situation amongst the citizen while the armed revolution by the militant groups in Southern Philippines post a major threat to its internal security.BangladeshThis small country with a large population is facing many problems. The high rates of poverty and political instability of the country has influenced the citizen to look for better opportunities in other countries. The country also constantly experiences natural disaster such as floods and drought, which made the situation worst.MyanmarThe close form _or_ system of government of Myanmar to t he outside world is one of the reasons for the backwardness of the country. The poverty rates is very high amongst the population of 85% Buddhist. Being a poor country, Myanmar faces the same socio-economy problem and political instability, which hinder the development of the country.NepalWith its ancient culture and the Himalaya as a backdrop, the landlocked Kingdom of Nepal has for many years been the destination of choice for foreign travellers in search of adventure. The country with an area of 147,181 sq km and 26.3 million people is one of the poorest countries in the world where more than 40% of its population is estimated to live in poverty. Being a landlocked country with limited agriculture and other industries, Nepal economy relies mainly on tourist industries.However, the current political turmoil and the growing Maoist guerrilla insurgency movement that keeps the tourist away are now undermining the Nepal economies. Maoist rebels have been waging a campaign against the constitutional monarchy in a conflict that has left more than 11,000 people dead since it started in 1996. Based on the UN reports, it is indicated that, the rebellion has displaced more than 100,000 people43. Nepal also has been at odds with neighbouring Bhutan over the repatriation of thousands of refugees living in camps in Nepal. The refugees, Bhutanese of Nepalese descent fled violence in their homeland in early 1990s. With these ongoing problems, worsen economy and political situation has drive away the people to look for a better living in other countries.Other CountriesOther than the countries mentioned, there are also immigrant workers from India, Pakistan, China, bosom East and even African countries. These countries are also facing the same socio-economy problem and political instability. However, the numbers is not as high as the other immigrants from the Malaysias neighbouring countries. Some enter the country legally but had extended their stay although their visa had expired. Their main reason in doing so is to earn a better living in this country.SUMMARYIn summary, Malaysia needs the immigrant workers for the development, but their presence should not dominate the labour work force because they will emphatically pose some positive and negative impact as well as threat to the national security. The positive and negative impact of their presence varies. From the economic perspective, their employment helped the continuous development and economic growth of the country by filling the gap of the acute labour shortages. On contrary, their presence and employment depress wages and this has reduced the competitiveness of local workers and frustrates attempt made by the trade unions to improve their working terms and conditions. A productive and competitive workforce is decisive for Malaysia in order to develop a knowledge-based economy and to achieve its aspiration of becoming a fully developed nation. However, most of the immigrant workers are uns killed or semi skilled labours with lower academic background. Therefore, the government has to formulate a comprehensive policy governing this requirement, which will definitely incur extra cost and procedures to the employer. As a result of this bureaucracy, the employer often blamed the process of importing workers as being lengthy and tedious process. Therefore, they recruited illegal workers who are readily available for employment.Socially, being less educated, poor and lower social class, these immigrants workers seem to be un-stabled economically, physically and mentally. As a result, negative competitions for a better living can emerged from these situations. For example their incursion into non-designated jobs like petty trading imposes unnecessary competition to the local traders. They also compete with the locals for cheaper housing especially in the urban areas, which resulted the stick up in rental and short supply of houses. Some of them are even move into developing new illegal squatters and this has impose strain on the staple fibre amenities in the areas. Any slightest conflicts resulted from this competition might turn into social clashes between the immigrants and the locals.Immigrant workers have also been seen as a threat to security and political stability. This stems from their ignorance of the countrys law. This can be seen from various activities such as, illegal entry, involve in criminal activities, over staying, opening government land illegally, and many others. These activities will definitely have serious implication on security. Illegal entry for examples, implies that Malaysias has porous borders and was unable protect the borders, allowing not only economic migrants to come through but also any subversive elements. Illegal entry will also enables those with contagious diseases to filter through and spread it to the population.

Enzyme Activity As A Function Of Substrate Concentration Biology Essay

Enzyme Activity As A Function Of Subst crop Concentration Biology EssayThe effect of ducking on enzyme activity. It can be noted that some(prenominal) enzyme root used had different results. Enzyme activity was greater when using the chicken liver rather than the cow liver.Generally the enzyme activity amplifications as the drops of the enzyme (concentration) profits.thither was a significant increase when six drops of enzyme radical (chicken liver) was added. The height of the bubble rose to 4 cm. there was a steady increase betwixt when 9-12 drops solution was added. A sharp increase occurred when 15 drops of enzyme solution was added. The height was recorded as 7.5 cm. There was no significant increase onwardsWhen enzyme solution (cows liver) was added there was no significant increase in the first set of drops. The height was recorded to be 3.5 cm when 3 drops of enzyme solution was added. There was an increase from 3.5 to 4cm when 6 drops of solution was added. There were no further significant increases un adding the enzyme solution.Graph 2 shows the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. For this experiment an enzyme solution of cow liver was used. There was an increase in bubble height when the solution was placed at 25 C. There was a further increase in the height when the solution was placed at 50 C. The height was recorded as 4.2 cm. However at 70 C, there was no change. There was no evidence of bubbles suggesting that the enzyme had been denatured. commentGenerally enzyme activity increases with increasing temperature. However in this experiment there was an increase then a sudden drop in enzymatic activity. Enzymes exact certain conditions to be effective in their functioning. Some require certain temperatures to function. A reason behind the denaturing of the enzyme at 70 C is that the temperature was too lofty for the enzyme to function and it denatured due to this.Factors Affecting Enzyme ActivityKnowledge of basic enzyme kinetic spe culation is important in enzyme analysis in order both to understand the basic enzymatic mechanism and to select a method for enzyme analysis. The conditions selected to measure the activity of an enzyme would not be the same as those selected to measure the concentration of its subst site. Several factors affect the rate at which enzymatic reactions proceed temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of any inhibitors or activators.Temperature causehttp//www.worthington-biochem.com/IntroBiochem/images/ie21.gifLike most chemic reactions, the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction increases as the temperature is raised. A ten degree Centigrade rise in temperature depart increase the activity of most enzymes by 50 to 100%. Variations in reaction temperature as small as 1 or 2 degrees may introduce changes of 10 to 20% in the results. In the case of enzymatic reactions, this is complicated by the fact that many enzymes ar adversely touch by high temperatures. As shown in Figure 13, the reaction rate increases with temperature to a maximum level, then abruptly declines with further increase of temperature. Because most animal enzymes rapidly become denatured at temperatures above 40C, most enzyme determinations ar carried out somewhat be outset that temperature.Over a period of time, enzymes will be deactivated at even moderate temperatures. Storage of enzymes at 5C or below is generally the most suitable. Some enzymes lose their activity when frozen.Effects of pHEnzymes are affected by changes in pH. The most flourishing pH value the point where the enzyme is most progressive is known as the optimum pH. This is graphically illustrated in Figure 14.http//www.worthington-biochem.com/IntroBiochem/images/ie22.gifExtremely high or low pH values generally result in complete loss of activity for most enzymes. pH is also a factor in the stableness of enzymes. As with activity, for each enzyme there is also a region of pH opti mal stability.The optimum pH value will vary greatly from virtuoso enzyme to anotherEnzyme ConcentrationIn order to study the effect of increasing the enzyme concentration upon the reaction rate, the substrate must be reconcile in an lavishness amount i.e., the reaction must be independent of the substrate concentration. Any change in the amount of product formed over a contract period of time will be dependent upon the level of enzyme present. Graphically this can be represented ashttp//www.worthington-biochem.com/IntroBiochem/images/ie09.gifThese reactions are said to be correct order because the rates are independent of substrate concentration, and are equal to some constant k. The formation of product proceeds at a rate which is linear with time. The addition of more substrate does not serve to increase the rate. In zero order kinetics, allowing the assay to run for double time results in double the amount of product.The amount of enzyme present in a reaction is measured by the activity it catalyzes. The relationship between activity and concentration is affected by many factors such as temperature, pH, etc. An enzyme assay must be designed so that the observed activity is proportional to the amount of enzyme present in order that the enzyme concentration is the only limiting factor. It is satisfied only when the reaction is zero order.Enzyme activity is generally greatest when substrate concentration is unlimiting.Effects of Inhibitors on Enzyme ActivityEnzyme inhibitors are stubs which alter the catalytic action of the enzyme and consequently slow down, or in some cases, stop catalysis. There are troika common types of enzyme inhibition competitive, non-competitive and substrate inhibition.Most theories concerning inhibition mechanisms are based on the existence of the enzyme-substrate complex ES. Competitive inhibition occurs when the substrate and a substance resembling the substrate are both added to the enzyme. A theory called the lock-key the ory of enzyme catalysts can be used to explain why inhibition occurs.The lock and key theory utilizes the concept of an active site. The concept holds that one particular portion of the enzyme surface has a strong affinity for the substrate. The substrate is held in such a representation that its conversion to the reaction products is more favorable. If we consider the enzyme as the lock and the substrate the key the key is inserted in the lock, is turned, and the door is opened and the reaction proceeds. However, when an inhibitor which resembles the substrate is present, it will compete with the substrate for the position in the enzyme lock. When the inhibitor wins, it gains the lock position but is unable to open the lock. Hence, the observed reaction is slowed down because some of the available enzyme sites are occupied by the inhibitor. If a dissimilar substance which does not fit the site is present, the enzyme rejects it, accepts the substrate, and the reaction proceeds nor mally.ACTIVE SITEThis is the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occursSUBSTRATEIn biochemistry, a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate(s). In the case of a single substrate, the substrate binds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. The substrate is transformed into one or more products, which are then released from the active siteENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEXThis is when the substrate binds reversibly to the enzyme forming a complexANABOLISMAnabolism, or biosynthesis, is the process by which living organisms synthesize complex molecules of life from simpler ones. Anabolism, together with catabolism, are the two series of chemical processes in cells that are, together, called metabolism. Anabolic reactions are divergent processes. That is, relatively few types of raw materials are used to synthesize a wide variety of end products. This results in an increase i n cellular size or complexity-or both.Anabolic processes produce peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids. These molecules comprise all the materials of living cells, such as membranes and chromosomes, as well as the specialized products of specific types of cells, such as enzymes, antibodies, hormones, and neurotransmitters.CATBOLISMCatabolism, the opposite of anabolism, produces smaller molecules used by the cell to synthesize larger molecules, as will be described below. Thus, in contrast to the divergent reactions of anabolism, catabolism is a convergent process, in which many different types of molecules are broken down into relatively few types of end products...

Bradstreets An Author to Her Book :: essays papers

Bradstreets An Author to Her Book It is hard to sympathize with someone when you have no inclination where they are coming from or what they are going through. It is similar experiences that allow us to extend our sincere appreciation and understanding for another human creations situations and trials of life. Anne Bradstreets The Author to Her Book expresses the emotions that Bradstreet felt when her most intimate sentiments were published to the world without her consent. The average person would not see the cause for detriment that Bradstreet feels in this situation. She had written a collection of near perfect poetry, which expressed her feelings in a way that the volume of women during that time did not have the talents or training to do. Many would wonder why she would be disturbed about these works being printed when they had brought many people pleasurable reading and had brought Bradstreet herself oft personal fame. Therefore, Bradstreet can not just write a stra ightforward poem to tell how she feels about her stolen thoughts. Unless her reader happens to be a writer, he or she would not be able to sympathize with Bradstreet in this matter. Instead, she had to use a situation in which her readers could comprehend the many emotions she experienced. No doubt, many women read her poetry, and the majority of women during that time were, or would one day be mothers. This similarity opened a door for understanding. By comparing her writing to a child, Bradstreet is able to advance the compassion of her readers and help them understand the feelings that she experiences. Bradstreet sees herself s the mother (line 23) of this work, which she calls an ill-formed offspring (line 1) and she gives the work many human characteristics to enhance the effect of the conceit. She says that the child had been by her spot until snatched from thence by friends, less wise than true (line 3). Bradstreets works would probably never have been published had i t not been for her brother-in-law. A person she thought she could trust saw fit to take her works back to England and have them published without her consent. He took her most intimate thoughts and placed the future of them in his own hands and she was never consulted. She shares an intimacy with her work like that of a mother and child and that intimacy was infringed upon when her work was exposed to public view (line 4).